The foreign-born population includes naturalized citizens, lawful permanent residents, refugees and asylees, legal nonimmigrants including those on student, work, or other temporary visas , and persons residing in the country without authorization. The terms foreign born and immigrant are used interchangeably and refer to those who were born in another country and later emigrated to the United States.
Data-collection constraints do not permit inclusion of those who gained Korean citizenship via naturalization and later moved to the United States. Distribution by State and Key Cities. As of , almost half of all Korean immigrants resided in three states: California 31 percent , New York 9 percent , and New Jersey 7 percent. Together, the four counties accounted for about 29 percent of the total Korean immigrant population in the United States.
Figure 2. Note: Pooled ACS data were used to get statistically valid estimates at the state and metropolitan statistical area levels, for smaller-population geographies. Not shown are populations in Alaska and Hawaii, which are small in size; for details, visit the Migration Policy Institute MPI Data Hub for an interactive map showing geographic distribution of immigrants by state and county, available online.
Source: MPI tabulation of data from U. Census Bureau pooled ACS. Click here for an interactive map that shows the geographic distribution of immigrants by state and county. Select Korea from the dropdown menu to see which states and counties have the highest distributions of Korean immigrants. In the period, 40 percent of Korean immigrants were concentrated in the greater metropolitan areas of Los Angeles, New York, and Washington, DC.
Figure 3. Source: MPI tabulation of data from the U. Table 1. Click here for an interactive map that highlights the metropolitan areas with the highest concentrations of immigrant groups. Select Korea from the dropdown menu to see which metropolitan areas have the highest concentrations of Korean immigrants. In , half of Korean immigrants ages 5 and older reported having limited English proficiency, compared to about 48 percent of the total foreign-born population.
However, slightly more Korean immigrants reported speaking only English at home 19 percent than the total immigrant population 16 percent. Age, Education, and Employment. Korean immigrants have high educational attainment compared to the overall foreign-born and native-born populations. Likewise, more Korean immigrants had graduate or professional degrees 20 percent than other immigrants 13 percent and native-born individuals 12 percent. Korean immigrants tend to be older than the overall foreign- and native-born populations.
The median age of Korean immigrants was 48 in , compared to 45 for the overall foreign-born population and 36 for the U. However, more Korean immigrants are of workforce participation age than U. Census Bureau ACS. Korean immigrants participated in the civilian labor force at a lower rate 61 percent than foreign-born individuals 66 percent.
For comparison, the native-born labor force participation rate was 62 percent. Korean immigrant women were less likely to participate in the workforce 53 percent , compared to foreign-born 56 percent and U. More than half of Korean immigrants were employed in management, business, science, and arts occupations, compared to just 32 percent of all immigrants and 39 percent of natives. In contrast, far fewer Korean immigrants worked in natural resources, construction, and maintenance occupations 3 percent and production, transportation, and material moving occupations 8 percent than the other two populations see Figure 5.
Figure 5. Korean immigrants tend to have higher incomes than both the foreign- and native-born populations. In , Korean immigrant families experienced poverty at a rate comparable to that of U. Immigration Pathways and Naturalization. Ember, Ian Skoggard. Contents Search. Koreans in the United States.
Authors Authors and affiliations Kyeyoung Park. How to cite. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. This is a preview of subscription content, log in to check access. Kim, E. Career choice among second generation Korean Americans: reflections of a cultural model of success. Anthropology and Education Quarterly , 24 3 , — CrossRef Google Scholar. Kim, I. New urban immigrants: The Korean community in New York.
Google Scholar. Light, I. Immigrant entrepreneurs: Koreans in Los Angeles — Min, P. Korean Americans. The immigration of Koreans can be largely divided into three periods: the first wave from to , the second wave from to , and the contemporary period. Although a few students and politicians came to the United States around after the diplomatic relations between the United States and Korea were established, they were a small minority—Yu Kil Chun , the first Korean student in the United States, was one of the prominent immigrants during the s.
Beginning in , American Presbyterian and Methodists missionaries successfully converted many Koreans to Christianity, and also provided avenues for the Koreans to immigrate to America—almost half of the first group of Korean immigrants were Christians. The first significant wave of immigration started on January 13, , when a shipload of Korean immigrants arrived in Hawaii to work on pineapple and sugar plantations.
By , more than 7, Koreans had come to Hawaii women; children to escape the famines and turbulent political climate of Korea.
Korean immigrants displayed a higher rate of religious participation because missionaries such as Horace Allen and George Herbert Jones played a crucial role in recruiting more than half of the first immigrants from the Naeri Methodist Church in the Inchon Area. Korean immigrant churches functioned as a cultural and religious asylum where the immigrants, isolated due to their language and cultural barriers, found comfort.
The mass immigration abruptly ended in when Congress passed the Oriental Exclusion Act of , banning all Asian immigrants. However, the Exclusion Act permitted Asian students to study at various U. When Korea was under Japanese rule from to , many political refugees and intellectuals from Korea studied at universities in many East Coast cities, including Boston University, Harvard, Columbia, Princeton and New York Universities.
During the Korean Independent Movement of , Korean diaspora communities gathered all over America—one of the most important locations was Boston, where a myriad of politicians, intellectuals, and patriots were residing.
The Boston League of Friends of Korea was founded in Following the March 1st Movement in , a large number of Korean nationalists came to America to study and became prominent student leaders of the Korean independence movement in America.
In , Korea was divided into two political entities—South Korea supported by the United States and a communist government in North Korea supported by the Soviet Union.
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