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What are 3 disadvantages of solar energy? How much does a building permit cost in NYC? What is another word for self healing? Only a few of the former institutions still exist today. Already in ancient Egypt, some 3, years before our era, the pharaohs held exotic animals in cages in their palaces, mostly as animals for hunting or slaughtering. Here, the ancestor of the Zhou dynasty kept mammals, birds, turtles and fish in a park. The gardens known as park of intelligence or park of knowledge existed for a long time, but they no longer exist.
In the Orient, rulers gave themselves animals as a gift. This was also a tradition of the rulers of the Middle Ages Karl the Great sent an elephant as an offer of friendship to the city of Augsburg.
While in ancient times animals were kept, but mostly killed in games, after the decline of the Roman Empire monasteries often kept some animals, which were also given by other monasteries. Gradually, rulers began to have private animal collections, near their farms, like Emperor Frederick II in , who was the predecessor of the zoos.
He built one of the first animal gardens in the Middle Ages, and collected many different species, which he exchanged with other rulers. For instance, he sent a polar bear to the Egyptian Sultan and received a giraffe. By 13th century BC, larger animals, such as elephants and giraffes, and even more exotic species were being kept. In Egypt, giraffes and pet lions were recorded to have been kept by Ramses II.
In the period of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, from the 9th to 7th centuries BC, lions were being kept in enclosures and often were depicted in wall reliefs. What may have differed in some of these enclosures is there seems to have been an attempt to also reconstruct the ecosystem in which lions and tigers existed. Sennacherib, king of Assyria from — BC, created a marsh-like environment and garden in his royal city of Nineveh that not only contained exotic plants but also was intended to recreate the marsh and wider environment of certain animal species Figure 1.
In China, during the Zhou Dynasty between BC, parks were created that had walled enclosures that also kept a menagerie of animals. In the Han Dynasty, late in the 1st millennium BC around BC , records indicate private menageries were kept, where animals included birds, bears, tigers, alligators, rhinoceroses, deer, and elephants. This was similar to Neo-Assyrian gardens and animal enclosures that replicated the environment, similar in many ways to Assyria.
In ancient Greece, private menageries were also known. The most famous was the one owned by Aristotle. Here, he kept a variety of animals for study. In fact, it was this menagerie that led to the first book dedicated to studying animals, called The History of Animals , written in the 4th century BC.
While Aristotle used his own collection of animals, he also observed animals in the wild such as in the island of Lesbos. The Roman Period reflects a mixture of wonderment, where many exotic animals were collected as the Roman Empire expanded.
This included elephants, leopards, lions, ostriches, and parrots, in addition to bears and other native animals to Italy. However, the Romans are also well known for their cruelty towards animals in the colosseum, where many animals were killed in combat or even just pleasure. Nevertheless, the Romans were very fascinated by wild animals, where they seem to have promoted the use of animals in public display, such as parading elephants, showing animal tricks, and even dressing animals e.
They even began to study animals that they held in captivity, similar to Aristotle. Rome's experience with Carthage led them to respect the power of the elephant, even if it had relatively little military value. However, it was a symbolic animal to the Romans as a powerful animal that could be used to frighten their enemies, similar to how they were frightened by the animal when they first encountered it against Carthage.
What the Roman period shows is that animals were now beginning to be seen not just as wonderment for the wealthy or powerful, but now animals were beginning to be shown in more public settings and displayed for their wonder and power. While clearly animals were often treated with cruelty, the period of Rome also began a process where people increasingly came into closer contact with wild animals and those that were very exotic.
In the Medieval period in Europe, menageries were once again popular among monarchs. Gifts of wild animals, such as the Abbasid Caliph sending an elephant to Charlemagne, occurred frequently. In effect, zoos or really animal collections became, once again, more private and the privy of royalty or very high sectors of society. Elizabeth had moved the animals to what became known as the Lion Tower in the western entrance of the Tower of London.
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