We sampled a popular route that crosses the lake by ferry and inscribes a circle, following a track through fir and broadleaf woods along the lakeside to Red Nab and then on tarmac through Hawkshead and by Beatrix Potter's farm at Hill Top - an energetic four-and-a-half hour round trip. While kayaking and cycling make only a modest intrusion upon the atmosphere of the park, the effect on one's body can be more profound - shoulders and seat in particular. A touch of muscle-soothing luxury is in order at the end of the day, and South Lakeland has plenty.
The post-kayaking balm was provided by Linthwaite House Hotel, set above Bowness with superb views across the lake to the Coniston fells and a pair of AA rosettes for its "modern British" cuisine. After the cycling we headed, saddle-sore, for the deep bath and log fire of a self-catering cottage at the Masons Arms on Strawberry Bank, Cartmel Fell.
This 16th-century pub, noted for its food and staggering range of beers, is on one of Country Lanes' longer cycling routes. I confess that by then we had taken eco-purism far enough and arrived by car. And to hell with self-catering - "low impact" can still be high energy, and the Masons serves steaks of rare restorative succulence. Linthwaite House Hotel ; www. Masons Arms www. Youth Hostel Association Ambleside, Waterhead ; www.
Windermere Sailing and Adventure School ; www. Windermere Canoe and Cycle ; www. Country Lanes Cycle Centre ; www. The reason for the speed limit is to stop water-skiing and power boating as it dose not fit the image of the national parks. Raymondo Aged 67 Benjamin - I passed A level maths but didn't know all about the subject, I obtained a degree in maths and still didn't know all about the subject.
In fact I seem to have spent my life discovering that the more I knew the more there was to learn. What I do know now is that in matters concerned with science, technology, the environment and personal relationships there has to be compromise and sensible control.
Prejudice brings bad law resulting in illogical controls and the failure to consider all aspects of a problem. The outcomes are poor solutions and conflict over matters which should command universal support. In the case of the LDNP, they have demonstrated policy-making born of arrogance, prejudice and incompetence. I too saw everything so clearly at 18yrs. You are right to express your beliefs as you do but just allow for a small possibility that solutions to problems which may seem messy to you are the way to proceed if everyone is to understand and support efforts to protect the environment.
It is clear that the introduction of the 10 mph speed limit has persuaded a large number of alienated lake users to leave causing serious economic damage to the local community. In leaving they have also financially damaged the LDNP itself and therefore weakened their ability to competently protect the environment in their charge.
No way can such an outcome be claimed to be the result of wise counsel. Dave Burns The sea may be an option for the few people who just want to race about as you put it, but to suggest it as a suitable venue to replace Windermere for water skiing is ludicrous. ME Any one from the WAF should get a life and get a mountain bike coz its just a lake and your eyes won't melt if you have to waterski in salt water so got to the coast. Ken Oh come on - in response to recent comments - have the LDNPA made any effort to reduce or treat sewage discharged into the lake by pleasure cruisers or lakeside towns?
Or agricultural runoff? Perhaps their efforts would be better spent on reducing these contributory factors to pollution, which another respondent has pointed out is already minor in Windermere. The resentment caused to wakeboarders, waterskiers, knee-boarders etc originates from the LDNPA's failure to deliver a management plan which does not prohibit these sports.
Please note that practitioners of these sports travel at speeds between 20mph and 30mph on the lake surface. This is comparable to the maximum permitted speed for cars, motorcycles etc in built up areas!! Please also note that speedboats are far more maneouvrable and can stop in a shorter distance because of their hull design and water plane area.
The Lomond and Trossachs National Park has recently proposed an amendment to their byelaws to extend the low speed area of Loch Lomond, but they are not aiming to ban these activities. A further example can be found in Loch Ken, similar in size to Windermere, with a small zone for powered sports greater than 10mph. There seems to be all round satisfaction with the set-up!! The Windermere ban has been pressed and enforced by a limited minority who cannot bear speedboats using the lake.
This in turn will obviously lead to more serious erosion of the banks of the lake. In addition to this, one of the numerous ideas so blatantly ignored by the LDNPA was for all registered boats to be subject to a MOT type test which in as well ensuring the craft were in no way polluting the lake would also provide another much needed source of revenue for the LDNPA.
In reply to your comment about the testosterone fuelled maniacs who fly about at ludicrous speeds, the WAF, one of the major campaigners against the speed limit, were in favour of a limit of 30mph which would allow water sports enthusiasts to participate in their chosen sports, hardly ludicrous I think.
Mr legg think before you spout such rubbish. Stephen P Slater I have had a boat on windermere now for around 8 years, I feel the lake is for everyone , not just sandwich packed walkers and sail boats!
I myself windsurf , so I enjoy the lake for what it is! I could never be a park ranger or Lake warden, how do they sleep at night?? Benjamin Legg P.
If National Parks weren't there primarily to protect the environment, and therefore their first concern would naturally be environmental, they wouldn't be there in the first place, and everything would be looked after by government, both national and local. As for bias, who isn't? Supporters are biased because they support the speed limit. People who are against the limit are biased because they hold the opposite view.
They can't exactly think of themselves as impartial, nor can supporters! Benjamin Legg By no means did I suggest that petrol pollutants were the only means of water pollution. Agricultural pesticides and the leaching of nutrients from the soil of course are very significant. Also I did not suggest that people set out to deliberately pollute the lake. I'm not quite as pessimistic about human nature as all that! What I am saying though, is that small amounts of pollution add up.
Rather like if you leave your light on. You can say that one more doesn't matter, but it does if lots of people think and act in the same way. Also, I'm not suggesting that we abandon all human achievement.
In order to preserve the natural environment of Lake Windermere, for all of us to enjoy, this would appear to be the case, in conjunction with concerns about the impact of tourism upon the natural environment e. Great Yarmouth! You can of course disagree, and everyone is intitled to their opinion. But the fact is the limit is in place, and will hopefully remain so.
As for change of venue for the actual sport, as opposed to, as I put in my original post, to the people who just tear around in speedboats, what's wrong with the sea? Plenty of room, many many times bigger than a lake, which means it has a far greater capacity than a lake for sustainable use. Don't bother sending messages about the danger of the sea. I've sailed on it myself and know it can be dangerous, but it can also be benign.
Or, just transfer from power boats to real boats, with some accomplishment involved to handle. LDPNA short of money, you know what to do dont you!!! Sort yourselves out and help all those shops, hotel etc by bringing back the much needed tourists. Benjamin Legg In reference to algae, if anyone thinks I'm contradicting myself, water pollution, as has been seen through acid rain, changes the pH level of the water, making the habitat more suitable for different, and usually reduced, numbers of species.
In other words, nature reacts to man-made as well as natural conditions, something that in general, we have to watch out for a lot more! Benjamin Legg To add argument upon argument, what do the people who are against the speed limit, and residents of the LDNP, think that it is their for? Hasn't anyone noticed that in the world today, humans have a frightening propensity to destruction of our planet in general?
If humankind makes Earth uninhabitable, we will destroy ourselves into the bargain. Therefore, the debate about the purpose of the LDNP can be seen as a microcosm of the wider world a. Lord of the Flies. It is there to protect its area of control from human wanton destruction, and help show us that the natural world is more beautiful, more varied and more precious than anything we can create.
That is why people who live and use the Lake District must put their own personal, material, dare I say petty concerns aside and realise that they must come second to the greater good of the Lake District's natural ecosystem, the human race and our great planet.
Lest we neglect Just thank your lucky stars that you don't live in the USA, where nobody is allowed to live in its many wonderful National Parks, dare I say for the best? Barker The algal bloom in Windermere arrives annually in the Spring, lasts for a couple of weeks then goes. It has done so for the last fifty years to my direct knowledge, probably forever. It is how the lake works and is a minor spectacle in its own right.
Windermere is not, and never has been,'polluted'. There have been times in the more recent past when nutrient levels nitrogen, phosphorus etc. Now both largely remedied one could add. Mick Lockwood In response to Mr Legg. Get off your soap box and look at the facts. I wish I was eighteen again with an idealistic change the world attitude. Go away and do some proper research, talk to real people affected not only be the speed limit but by every other crack pot, prejudice rule and regulation the LDNPA bulldoze though.
Further research will show you that the vast majority of pollution in Windermere and indeed the Broads is from agriculture. Also, the National Park is there to protect the economic well being of an area, not just it's environment. Just for your info, whilst petroleum based pollutants from boats DO exist, the inspector found no issues with pollution in Windermere. It remains one of the cleanest lakes in the area.
Further, fast boats oxygenate the water far more than slow moving craft. Further still, pertoleum-based pollutants have a residancy time in the water that is measured in hours, not weeks or months like the nitrate run-off from farm land.
Please do some more research. It would make a good dissertation for your degree if you could lose your bias. Anon Benjamin When you have finished being a student and have a real grip and idea about the world we live in I think your views will change.
We do not live in a perfect world all the other lakes in the area are protected. Winderemere prior to the limit attracted big money to the area year in year out, this cash has now gone as walkers and sailing boats do not bring the same money to the area. If you dont believe me ask the locals their are suffering. Im sure your A level in geography covered "Human geography" as well I know mine did. PS A lake full of Alge natural or not is of no use to anyone Thats what a degree in Ecology and Conservation will teach you.
Benjamin Legg Before anybody says anything about my first post at time of writing not published , algae is not water pollution. The colonisation of the lake by algae is evidence of natural organisms filling an ecological niche. In other words nature was there long before the internal combustion engine! Water pollution via the internal combustion engine DOES happen and does damage the environmental quality of bodies of water, as has been seen in the Norfolk Broads, where I have sailed since I was little.
I put yachting in the first post, to see how many people would take me as some kind of upper class playboy. Did I get you? The moral-never judge by appearences. Anyway, the Broads were once crystal clear but became polluted through the over use and speed of motor cruisers, with the result that they became a shadow of their former selves in terms of beauty and ecology.
Now people have realised this, the Broads are being painstakingly restored to being an amazing haven for wildlife. One of the results of water pollution was the vast increase in algae on the Broads, which probably explains why algae is appearing on Lake Windermere.
Do we really want the lakes to end up becoming as badly polluted as the Broads were? Also, if you must you tinpots with engines in, what's wrong with a leisurely 10mph?
On the Broads the maximum is 6mph for motor boats , nobody has any problems and the Broads are very popular. Francis A char fishing boat with an outboard will now have to pay a much higher fee to the LDPNA for using the lake than my old speed boat.
Looks like the remaining lake users all 6 of them will be off too! Benjamin Legg Aged 18 Most of the people who have commented seem to completely miss the point. Not something testostorone fuelled power boat users contribute to. The speed limit protects Lake Windermere and other lakes against water pollution, noise pollution and maniacs who like to drive around at ludicrous speed.
Can't the "water sports enthusiasts" enjoy the lakes in a sustainable manner I did A-level Geography so I know all about this subject and as Alfred Wainwright, and the kids from Arthur Ransome's books did, go quietly walking on the fells or take up yachting, a real sport with a point, and get out of the "tin cans with engines in"? Raymondo As a local who passes the lake frequently and before retirement worked on the shore of Winderemere, do I see a lake that is tranquil?
No, I see a lake that was, until the ban, full of life and activity but is now dying if not yet dead. No doubt the strange people who are the decision makers in the LDNPA claim this as a triumphant result of their deliberations. Their mismanagement of that organisation has resulted in an economic disaster for those whose employment depended on the full but sensibly controlled recreational use of a national asset.
It is unsurprising and ironic therefore that the finances of that same organisation have suffered badly as a result of their spectacular self-inflicted shot in the foot. No doubt the already heavily burdened taxpayer will have to bail them out - no such luck for those whose jobs have been sacrificed by the LNDPA on the altar of prejudice and self satisfaction.
The title of their mission statement should be "Don't confuse us with facts we have made up our minds". James Richards Loch Lomond registration is free and we have superb launching facilities which cost nothing to use. True there is a proposal to impose a speed limit here too but only across a section of the Loch.
All that said, no matter how good Lomond becomes, I would be back to Windermere like a shot. Dave Bennison I went to Windermere for the first time since the ban this weekend I refused to spend any money not even on parking! What a sad place, where has the life gone both the town and the lake seemed empty compared to previous years. I went into Shepards and we were the only people in the shop! Haley I love wkeboarding i think we should have it in sterling Kansas.
Mick Lockwood Its true WAF got very little support, I attended a court case expecting hundreds of people and there were only a handful. Bob I live in West Cumbria and I USED to visit Windermere regularily to enjoy the lake and watch the antics of some of the skiers and power boats but since the ban I have not bothered to visit the place because it is getting just like Blackpool noisy and full of drinking teenagers.
I now visit Loch Lomond area instead. WAF Supporter WAF went quiet because it was being funded by one person out of his own pocket with donations and help by only ten's of people, not hundreds. You need to get in touch Anon There sees to be an awful lot of people who are against the ban, but nobody seems to be organising any protest etc anymore.
The winderemere action force did a fantastic job but they seem to have gone quiet. Does anyone know of any protests or the latest news etc as the WAF website has not been updated for months. David Gaunt Can anybody put an accurate figure on the loss of revenue caused by the ban. Also is it possible to measure the effect on local businesses honestly and sensibly. I cant imagine that this ban has helped anyone locally as on a recent trip the lake was deserted and all the jettys at Ferry Nab were taken up by yachters who spent the whole day sitting on their boats and chatting to one another.
Not good for business! I guess the local economy must be millions rather than thousands down and I would also think that an awful lot of people feel very dissapointed and angry with the people who fought for this ban in order to make the lakes 'their own private playground'.
These people are nothing better than the bullies we are supposed to be so down on in this country. I will not be selling my boat as I am certain that this ban will either be overturned or completely ignored in the very near future.
Frank W. The information will be used to help assess planning applications for boat moorings and lake developments.
R Eally Ronald, you got your arm chopped off next year? I don't think so. As a regular lake user it would have made the news. Dave Burns Ronald: Like most supporters of the ban you make absolutely no sense whatsoever. Can I suggest some extracurricular reading and writing lessons? Watersports Enthusiast To Anon Again - just read your response.
Apologies for any misunderstanding. Down with the ban!! Anonymous Ronald are you for real? You got your arm 'chopped' off by a Speed Boat? When and how did this happen and who was responsible. The safety record on the lake is impeccable, thanks to the Wardens and the good behaviour of the vast majority of lake users. Ok higher up though. To end on a slightly more realistic note I would call most strongly for a managed solution for the use of the lake, although how one can get the call answered is difficult to see.
I was out on the lake yesterday evening, completely empty bar trip boats or 'wavers' as we used to call them. What a shame, its not just quiet, its dead. Watersports Enthusiast With reference to the anonymous comment about mountain bikers being ever present and spoiling the fun of ramblers, could he define which trails he goes walking on where he finds such disturbance? I have enjoyed wakeboarding on Windermere since till this ridiculous ban came into force, but have also spent a lot of time "reflecting" and enjoying the "tranquility" while walking the fells, and can't say I have ever seen many, if any mountain bikers on the walking paths!!
It disgusts me that they treat the National Park as their private domain and feel no obligation to foster co-operation and goodwill between "stakeholder groups", as their literature would doubtless refer to park users.
My understanding is there was already zoning , speed limits etc in many areas of the lake.. It is certainly quiet now and this will continue.. You have destroyed the very thing that made windi unique.. Dave Burns If their K down this year wait untill next year. A lot of people myself included who reregistered this year to use the boat until March, wont be registering again next year.
Chris Anyone with a bit of common sense fancy a new job? National Park Authority looking for new members The search is on to find three new members to serve on the Lake District National Park Authority from next spring The Government is looking for people whose background will enable them to give a national voice and perspective. National Park members work to ensure the conservation and enhancement of natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage of the area, and to help improve public understanding and enjoyment of their area.
The LDNPA has 26 members, including the seven Secretary of State appointed members, seven Cumbria County Council representatives, seven district council representatives and five parish representatives. John H Just off to Scotland for 2 weeks, end of the session. Budget between us for about quid.
Should be on Windermere. And I thought they told us registrations were up at the start of the year. Well the money will have to come from somewhere either, shutting toilets or not repairing jetties. Or they could just sacrifice safety instead.
What a mess. They are now having to make cuts in other areas. They have been saying over and over again that businesses have had 5 years to plan for this - have they not had the same 5 years??? Super gesture - but perhaps the area could have saved the jobs naturally by not bringing in what seems a ridiculous speed ban on Windermere.
I am not a boater - but pouring grant money is not an answer you fools. Just look at how much has been spent on Liverpool in grant aid over the years for a clue! I am a time served economist Good luck. Schuey The ban is a disgrace, imagine the uproar if we decided to ban rugby or football instead. That'll probably be next on the enviromentalists lists. We can't allow this mindless destruction anymore! Dave Burns Another Bank Holiday looming and another big pot of tourists revenue that wont be heading to the Lake District.
World Heritage being the real reason for the10mph discrimination. Why do we need this? What Benefits will it have? Who actually wants it? Thousands have been banished because of it, the region is on its knees, the economy is crippled, nothing has been developed over the last 20 years all because of a handful of egotistical idealists can pat themselves on the backs and say look World we might have destroyed and suppressed everything we had but hay were a World Heritage Site.
The LDNPA said there was no money to adopt a managed solution on Windermere yet it finds ways to waste hundreds of thousands every year.
Its time we had an elected body running our region before everything that makes it special is destroyed trying to gain useless recognition from the rest of the world. JIHR Businesses are really hurting. Come on wake up and overturn the ban!!!
We walked from our Marina to Ferry Nab only to be nearly run down by 16 Harley Davidsons who drownded out the ability even to communicate. Funnily enough we watched the power boats on the lake and could hardly hear them.
Come on LDNPA - you exercise double standards and have killed this lake , ruined the local economy we know because we have just stayed in one of the larger hotals for a week and are now driving people away who care for and spend like me many thousands of pounds a year in the area.
What also amazes me is that despite the fact we write to you with coherent arguements - you do not even give us the courtesy of a reply - it is totally! John I have given the lake several months paid my fees broke the speed limit every week. But the place isnt the same thats why my family is leaving. Buying a Chalet in Abersoch. So bye to the people of Windermere and Bowness and good luck in the future, you have been part of my family's life for over 20 years and you will be missed.
Stuart Pieri P Solver, could you please remind the walkers that ramble past my house on the upper lake road 3 miles from Bowness every Saturday and Sunday that they are ONLY there for the peace and quite of the area. Could you please ask them to not shout to the people in their group who have wandered ahead as it disturbs my 'contemplation' resulting in me only been able to 'reflect' on the fact that one of their kids has just dropped an empty crisp packet under my hedge.
Lets see, what would i prefer to see and hear from my garden? The plain and simple fact is that our area needs the money that the 'petrolheads' bring. Yes maybe more walkers are coming to the area, but all the walkers in the U. Your obviously not local Mr Slover, if you were you would realise that if your desires become reality it could only result in the fragile economic balance of the area being tipper over the edge.
Or maybe you are local to the area and you want to see your friends? I just hope people like you and thoese responsable for the ban will be able to sleep at night WHEN not if a former lake registered skiier, forced to the coast to persue thier intrests loses thier life at sea. Come on people, for the love of god see sense. We can offer some of the most affluant people in the U.
K a safe place to enjoy thier pass time and we are telling them to spend thier money elswhere, its just madness. The LDNP is plenty big enought for everybody to enjoy thier own intrests without spoiling other peoples fun.
With a little bit of tolerance and some organisation Lakeland could once again thrive. As it stands, small mindedness is driving people away from and crippling argubly the most beautiful part of the world. Gaz B Ban everybody, ban every single hard working tax payer, whose family members died in two wars for freedom, just so you can feel good about yourselves and get World Heritage recognition, its pathetic the whole place has become so intolerant, prejudice and genrally up itself.
Maybe the FLP and LDNPA should break the Lakes away from the rest of the country and declare independence, start environmentally cleansing, deport everybody and only admit true believers into their little club. Mountain Bikers - every minute! Ban 'em, Hang 'em High! Anonymous In response to P. The Lake District is a spectacular natural resource which should be free from prejudice, discrimination and be properly managed and open to everyone. Once you banish and brand local people and visitors you begin to destroy the natural balance, culture and Heritage never mind the economy.
I suspect P. Dave Burns Yes lets all hug the trees, who care about the local economy in freefall. Lets cater for the people who bring their own flask and sandwiches spend nothing and go home. I think the ban is a disgusting abuse of power by an unelected and unaccountable body, who have another agenda which they hide from all - self agrandisment by making the Lake District a World Heritage Site.
The boats on Windermere paid their way in the form of registration fees. The limited number of launch sites and the registration process mean that boat owners can be brought to account - and have been via the courts when it was found to be necessary! Walkers on the other hand are being given more and more rights the CROW Act are causing damage which is costing HUNDREDS of thousands of pounds to put right eroded paths and are not required to account for their movements, nor brought to book when they leave litter or damage a wall or turf.
The respondant who asked "Who would want to pollute the lake? It was not pollution which was given as the reason for banning power boats, nor do they have chemical toilets which they empty into the lake. This week, a family had to be rescued when their canoe was overturned by wash - with no powerboats in sight!
Because they have been canoeing through reed beds, causing damage to the fragile ecology. Get off your high horse, and start getting a grasp of reality!!!! S Wilson Now that all of the lakes are closed to powerboats and watersports it leaves nowhere for powerboats and every single lake for tranquility. This is a very unfair balance and means that watersports and powerboats and all of the economic benfits have been thrown out of the lakes district and that is a very foolish thing to do.
Slover Part of the E. Thank goodness we have got rid of the peace-wrecking brigade on Lake Windermere once and for all. Now lets concentrate our efforts on all the trial bikes and 4 x 4s that are churning up the fells and making life miserable for the whole ecology, not least the walkers who come to the Lake District for peace, quiet, solitude, reflection, contemplation and the awesome beauty that is here.
He stated that this relationship needs to be improved, the only way this is going to happen is if he admits that the LDNPA have got the issue of the speed limit totally wrong and begin to discuss a managed solution. Records week moves to Coniston, and Gerald Price requests a public meeting to discuss the future of disabled water sports on Windermere. Also available - pedalo hire between 1st April and 31st October, 7 days a week. Canoes and kayaks are versatile and agile craft, with a real go-anywhere ability.
We have a range of modern craft at the centre, with closed-cockpit and sit-on-top kayaks, and open canoes. All of our canoe and kayak tuition is on a private instruction basis, so can be booked at a time to suit you and tailored to meet your requirements.
The instruction is normally carried out in our up-to-date fleet of Pyranha Master TG closed-cockpit kayaks or Venture Canoes Ranger 16 open canoes, or in your own boat if required. Selected times between May and September.
Sit-on-top kayaks are easy to paddle and incredibly stable; and if you do manage to capsize it, you just fall off — so no worries about getting trapped in the boat. Price includes buoyancy aids. There is no minimum age to hire the boat, however there must be someone at least 18 years old on the water to supervise. Traditional canoeing in Windermere is a relaxing experience that you can enjoy in a pair or a trio. Though you will need a it of teamwork and co-ordination!
Winter sessions can be arranged, please check availability with the centre. Nestled on the…. Low Wood Bay Conferences , Windermere Situated on the shores of England's longest lake, Windermere, with perfect grounds, surrounding…. Click here to view map. Situated on the A between Windermere and Ambleside. Accessible by Public Transport: Windermere station is 4 miles away. There are also a variety of particular permits or licences you need in certain waterways or circumstances.
Water skiing also waterskiing or water-skiing is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski. There are many options for recreational or competitive water skiers. Horsepower and Speed In general, for someone to waterski or wakeboard, the boat needs to be moving at least 20 miles per hour , usually closer to 26 or Tubing doesn't require quite as much speed, and you can start to have fun at around 15 miles per hour.
There is no way to waterski at speeds lower than 10mph. You can paddle board on most of the 16 recognised Lake District lakes without a permit: Windermere, Ullswater, Coniston Water, Thirlmere Reservoir, Wastwater, Derwent Water, Ennerdale Water permits required for large groups or commercial groups , Loweswater and Grasmere. Bassenthwaite Lake is a specially protected area Sailing, rowing, kayaking, canoeing, paddleboarding, fishing and swimming are all allowed on the lake.
While the speed limit effectively bans water-skiing, lessons can still take place under 10nmph and wake-boarding, which involves a single wide board or 'snowboarding on water', is still possible , as is mono-skiing, which involves a single slalom-type board.
Coniston Water is the fifth largest of the lakes , at five miles long, and with a maximum depth of feet. It provided an important fish source for the monks of Furness Abbey who owned the lake and much of the surrounding land in the 13th and 14th Centuries.
Launching a boat on Ullswater is an easy process. Currently there is no requirement to have insurance for your boat if using it on Ullswater. This is unlike Coniston and Windermere where is is checked before launching is allowed.
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