Waste irrigation equipment or tank wagons and specially designed pumps must be available, with tractors large enough to handle the horsepower requirements. See the figure below for a cross section of a waste storage pond. Note the upper pumpdown stake. Pumping should begin when water reaches this level. Irrigating with slurry calls for special equipment designed to handle both the high solids content and high fertilizer content of the waste.
Skip to content Waste storage pits and indoor tanks are generally under-floor inside the dairy, swine and sometimes poultry housing. Outdoor Storage Pond Volume Outside storage pond or uncovered tank volume must also include expected rainfall minus evaporation from the storage surface.
Rainfall averaged 1, mm per year and contributed 7, m 3 of rain water annually to each lagoon drainage area of each lagoon was 0. Lagoon 1 received also the clean plant effluent, 11, m 3 per year Therefore, when multistep EST treatment technology is implemented in a swine operation with anaerobic lagoons, an additional environmental benefit is obtained: the progressive cleanup of the lagoon liquid without having to stop production.
Even though lagoon 1 served the production of more than twice the number of animals than it did before with the traditional lagoon system average LAW increased from to Mg , remarkably, the overall cleaning performance of the new plant effluent on lagoon 1 liquid was similar to the cleaning performance by rainwater alone under lagoon inactivation and abandonment of production lagoon 2.
Indeed, the results of this study were used by the State Permitting Authority to issue Permit No AWI using the innovative animal waste management system that would allow the expansion of total swine animal capacity in this farm from 5, to 11, feeder-to-finish using the same acreage During the last 6 months the NH 4 -N concentrations were very low: In a companion paper, Ro et al.
In the study, the average EC of the lagoon liquid before the project started was 8. The EC was lowered to 5. The transition from anaerobic to aerobic, oxidized conditions took about 1. In addition to these chemical indicators of aerobic conditions, in 10 months of the new manure management the lagoon 1 changed color from brown to blue Figure 8. Figure 8. Swine lagoon conversion into aerobic pond. Picture on the left shows Lagoon 1 under traditional management before start of the project, and picture on the right shows the same lagoon after the wastewater treatment plant background was in operation for about 10 months.
Before the conversion and under traditional anaerobic lagoon management, the sludge in lagoon 1 accumulated to a depth 0. Therefore, the average rate of sludge accumulation in the two lagoons was 0. It was consistent with the sludge generation standard for NC anaerobic swine lagoons of 0.
Figure 9. Sludge depth dynamics of the two swine lagoons. The new treatment plant was installed after 11—12 years of conventional anaerobic lagoon treatment. After conversion, the sludge accumulation on both lagoons was halted Figure 9. During the 6 years of new treatment, the sludge depth in lagoon 1 that received all the plant effluent did not increase; it was stabilized at a depth of about 0. Similarly, lagoon 2 discontinued lagoon did not accumulate more sludge after discontinuation; the sludge depth remained about constant at 1.
Table 4 shows the composition of the sludges in the two lagoons determined five times at the beginning of the study months 0— The sludges were of mineral nature, thick, black, with tar like smell, with similar chemical composition in the two lagoons Table 4.
A salient characteristic is the large amount of P contained in the lagoon sludges. Considering sludge volume and P concentration, there were Therefore, new technologies that could harvest the P contained in lagoon sludges could have a great impact on global P cycling. One such technology is the Quick Wash process presented in this special issue Szogi et al. More and more often, new treatment systems for manure combine three or four process units to meet various environmental standards and recovery targets.
In North Carolina, USA, construction of new swine farms or expansion of existing swine farms are required new waste management systems that can replace anaerobic lagoon treatment for the waste and meet new environmental standards of ammonia and odor emissions, pathogens release, and the substantial elimination of soil and groundwater contamination by nutrients phosphorus and nitrogen and heavy metals.
A treatment system that met these multiple standards was implemented at full-scale in a swine farm and operated for 6 years. It combined high-rate solid-liquid separation with N and P removal processes.
This study determined the water quality improvements in lagoons by an innovative swine manure treatment system operating at full-scale during five pig production cycles. After conversion, the sludge accumulation in the lagoons was halted. While clean water is more valuable for both environmental quality and crop production, it is significant that the treatment process transformed the lagoon's water from a constituent-laden legacy condition to relatively cleaner water.
Moreover, the transformation was accomplished while doubling the number of animals. The author MV has designed and conducted the full-scale project, performed data summarization, and written the manuscript. KR measured ammonia emissions. AS assisted with water quality work. JL did odor quantification. PM did the pathogen assessment. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
The treatment system was constructed and operated by Terra Blue Inc. Mention of trade names or commercial products in this article is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the U.
Department of Agriculture. AG Sheffield, J. Aneja, V. Characterizing ammonia emissions from swine farms in Eastern North Carolina: Part 1-conventional lagoon and spray technology for waste treatment.
Air Waste Manage. APHA Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Barker, J. EBAE Bernet, N. Challenges and innovations on biological treatment of livestock effluents. Bicudo, J. Nutrient content and sludge volumes in single-cell recycle anaerobic swine lagoons in North Carolina. ASAE 42, — Google Scholar. Chastain, J. Albrecht, J. Camberato, J. Adams, B. Smith, S. Henry, W. English, and C. Sherman Clemson University , Chapter 3, 1— Effectiveness of liquid-solid separation for treatment of flushed dairy manure: a case study.
FAO Water Quality for Agriculture. Salinity Problems. Gallaher, R. A semiautomated procedure for total nitrogen in plant and soil samples. Soil Sci. Garcia, M. Simultaneous separation of phosphorus sludge and manure solids with polymers. ASABE 50, — Recovery of ammonia from swine manure using gas-permeable membranes: effect of waste strength and pH.
The new facility design and reported findings have the potential to be adapted by new and existing production facilities, to develop new business models and management that are more flexible in nutrient management, and to improve resource conservation and reduce pollutions.
It has been noted that the liquid stream can have relatively low solids from the well maintained scraper systems. If the farm continues to use the lagoon, there will be significantly less solid to be agitated and pumped. This is promising for exporting nutrients from the farm, or conserving nutrients in either the solid or liquid portions using additional practices. The immediate next steps are to characterize the liquid and solid manure portions in terms of volume and nutrient values and barn air quality and emissions during different seasons.
Effort should also include identification of the minimal and different levels of pre-treatment and reverse osmosis onto the liquid manure, for potential fertilizer concentrate, improved manure management, and potential water recycling. The authors are solely responsible for the content of these proceedings. The technical information does not necessarily reflect the official position of the sponsoring agencies or institutions represented by planning committee members, and inclusion and distribution herein does not constitute an endorsement of views expressed by the same.
Printed materials included herein are not refereed publications. We're going to do good waste management. Just as in North Carolina, the hog industry in the Midwest has seen an explosion in the number of large hog operations, says Ted Genoways, author of a new book on the industry called The Chain: Farm, Factory, and the Fate of Our Food. Iowa's hog population, for example, has swelled from The leading buyers are Mexico, Japan, and, increasingly China, which has the world's largest per capita consumption of pork.
See interactive graphic, " What the World Eats ". But the growth in hog populations comes at a cost to the water around them, as scientists have shown in dozens of studies. They have found evidence that nutrients wash into creeks and rivers from the fields where farmers spray manure or inject it into the soil, as is common in the Midwest.
Hog waste is rich in nitrogen and phosphorus, which plants need to grow. But when too many nutrients flow from fields into waterways, they can contribute to harmful algal blooms and fish kills. Nearby water can also be contaminated by parasites, viruses, hormones, pharmaceuticals, and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in hog waste, studies show. In just the past two years, waste has spilled on hog farms in Iowa, Georgia, and Illinois.
In October, a hog farm in Callaway County, Missouri, spilled 10, gallons 37, liters of waste into a stream. In the same month, a lagoon spilled , gallons , liters at a farm in Greene County, North Carolina. Despite risks to waterways, many large livestock farms go unscrutinized by government inspectors, says Jon Devine , senior attorney for the water program at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental advocacy group.
Among the nation's 20, large livestock facilities, he says only about 40 percent are regulated under the Clean Water Act, the federal law that governs water pollution.
New regulations could cut pollution, he says, but the livestock industry fiercely resists attempts by the Environmental Protection Agency to monitor it. Elsie Herring lives on land in Duplin County, North Carolina, purchased by her grandfather, a freed slave, in the late s. Sixty thousand people live in this county, where hogs outnumber humans roughly 39 to one. In the s, a hog farmer moved in next door to Herring's family and installed two hog barns, a lagoon, and a spray field.
The edge of the spray field is just eight feet from her home. When the farmer sprays hog waste on his field, the wind carries it to Herring's land. The terrible, raw odor, she says, sneaks into her home even when she closes her doors and windows. It gives her a cough and makes her eyes burn. Steve Wing, the UNC-Chapel Hill epidemiologist, says hog operations give off ammonia, methane—a potent greenhouse gas—and hydrogen sulfide, which causes headaches and eye irritation.
They also release endotoxin, an allergen, and at least a hundred volatile organic compounds, many of which contribute to the odor of hog farms. In a study that began in , Wing and a team of researchers set up air pollution monitors to measure hydrogen sulfide, endotoxin, and small particles in neighborhoods in eastern North Carolina within 1. They recruited volunteers to record their physical symptoms and measure their own blood pressure and lung function.
When the researchers crunched the data, they found that when air pollution worsened in a given site as winds shifted, so did people's symptoms, including eye irritation, wheezing, nausea , and elevated blood pressure.
Hog farmer Tom Butler says he knew nothing about how his operation could affect the environment when he began raising the animals 20 years ago.
0コメント