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Questions to Ask About Cancer. Choices for Care. Talking about Your Advanced Cancer. Planning for Advanced Cancer. Advanced Cancer and Caregivers. Questions to Ask about Advanced Cancer. Managing Cancer Care. Finding Health Care Services. Advance Directives. Using Trusted Resources.
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Research Advances by Cancer Type. Stories of Discovery. Milestones in Cancer Research and Discovery. Biomedical Citizen Science. Director's Message. Malignant tumors tend to grow faster than benign tumors. Treatment depends on the specific type of cancer as well as the stage. In many cases, treatment will consist of more than one therapy. Depending on the type of cancer you have, surgery may be the first-line treatment. When surgery is used to remove a tumor, the surgeon also removes a small margin of tissue around the tumor to lower the chances of leaving cancer cells behind.
Surgery can also help stage the cancer. For example, checking the lymph nodes near the primary tumor can determine if cancer has spread locally. You may also need chemotherapy or radiation therapy following surgery. This may be an added precaution in case any cancer cells were left behind or have reached the blood or lymph system. This can be helpful if the tumor was causing pressure on an organ or causing pain. Radiation uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or slow their growth.
The rays target a specific area of the body where cancer has been found. Radiation can be used to destroy a tumor or to relieve pain. It can also be used after surgery to target any cancer cells that may have been left behind. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment. Chemo drugs enter your bloodstream and travel throughout your body to find and destroy rapidly dividing cells. Chemotherapy is used to kill cancer, slow its growth, and reduce the chance that new tumors will form. Targeted therapies depend on the specific type of cancer, but not all cancers have targeted therapies.
These drugs attack specific proteins that allow tumors to grow and spread. Angiogenesis inhibitors interfere with the signals that allow tumors to form new blood vessels and continue growing. These medicines can also cause already existing blood vessels to die, which can shrink the tumor.
Some types of cancer, like prostate and most breast cancers , need hormones to grow. A new tumour can start to grow in the same area of the body where the cancer first started, or the cancer may have spread through the blood or lymphatic system to another part of the body, where it grows into a new tumour.
This is why doctors sometimes use another treatment right after the first treatment, such as giving chemotherapy after surgery. This is called adjuvant therapy. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to help prevent the cancer from coming back in case some cancer cells are left behind in the body. In some cases, treatment may stop working become resistant so cancer cells are no longer being destroyed. So cancer that was shrinking or had disappeared may start to grow again and get bigger.
This can happen when the genes inside cancer cells mutate. Some gene mutations make cancer cells resistant to chemotherapy and other drug treatments. If you become resistant to a treatment, your doctor may suggest that you try another one. Many cancers can be cured with treatment. But cancer that is thought to be cured can still come back even years later.
This is why some doctors prefer to say that the cancer is in remission. Remission means there are fewer signs and symptoms of a disease such as cancer or that they have completely gone away. Home Cancer information What is cancer? How cancer starts, grows and spreads. Genes contain long strings of DNA deoxyribonucleic acid , which are coded messages that tell the cell how to behave.
Each gene is an instruction that tells the cell to make something. This could be a protein or a different type of molecule called RNA ribonucleic acid. Together, proteins and RNA control the cell. They decide:.
Genes make sure that cells grow and make copies reproduce in an orderly and controlled way. And are needed to keep the body healthy. Sometimes a change happens in the genes when a cell divides. This is a mutation. It means that a gene has been damaged or lost or copied too many times.
Mutations can happen by chance when a cell is dividing. Some mutations mean that the cell no longer understands its instructions.
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